Tuesday, March 19, 2013

Publication on Tsotsitaal in JPCL

A new article by Raj Mesthrie and myself is now out in print (I received the hardcopy myself this morning). The details are as follows:

Slang registers, code-switching and restructured urban varieties in South Africa: An analytic overview of tsotsitaals with special reference to the Cape Town variety

Authors: Mesthrie, Rajend; Hurst, Ellen
Source: Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages, Volume 28, Number 1, 2013 , pp. 103-130(28)
Publisher: John Benjamins Publishing Company
Abstract:
This paper examines the status of an informal urban variety in Cape Town known as Tsotsitaal. Similar varieties, going by a plethora of names (Flaaitaal, Iscamtho, Ringas) have been described in other South African cities, especially Johannesburg, Pretoria and Durban (see also Sheng in Kenyan cities). This paper seeks to describe the essential characteristics of Cape Town Tsotsitaal, which is based on Xhosa, and to argue for its continuity with similar varieties in other South African cities. However, this continuity eventually calls into question many of the previous assumptions in the literature about Tsotsitaal and its analogues: e.g. the thesis that these varieties necessarily involve code-switching, or that they are pidgins, even ones that are creolising in some areas. More generally, this paper serves several purposes: (a) to comment on and elucidate why there is a proliferation of often contradictory names, (b) to examine the degree and types of switching in the different varieties, and (c) to clarify the relationship between what are essentially tsotsitaal registers and the urban languages they are part of.

Monday, January 14, 2013

List of Tsotsitaal lexical items

Heita!

I've been blogging links and so on but I think it's time to post some examples of Tsotsitaal lexicon. Here's a word list I've been developing featuring 46 tsotsitaal words & their meaning. Most of them also give a likely source.


amajita guys Eng. magic gardens
authi lad/young man  
grand fine/alright Eng
bra friend/brother  
cherry sweetheart/girl French Cherie
gidla sleep  
medi girlfriend/female Eng Maid
moja good/alright  
nyuku money Zulu
tiger ten rands Eng
vaya go/ go away Port vay
dladla home from archaic Zulu
heita hello  
ma-gents gentlemen Eng
ringa talk/chat Eng ring
sharp fine/alright/goodbye Eng
thayima father Eng Old Timer
bhari stupid  
chomi friend  Eng Chum
clever streetwise male Eng
hola hello Spanish
kasi township Afr. Lokasie
mfethu brother Zulu?
mpintshi friend  
ntwana girlfriend   
smoko trouble  
spana work Afr. 
bloma stay Afr. bloom
camtha talk/lingo  
check look Eng
cisha to kill Zulu to extinguish
daa there Afr. 
diski soccer Eng 'disc'
four five penis  
gata policeman  
gaz'lam friend Zulu lit 'my blood'
gcwala like/love  
lova/guluva loafer/thug Eng.
madala old man/grandfather  
ou-lady mother Eng.
six-nine urinate/toilet  
splasha wash Eng.
tekeni girlfriend from archaic Zulu
transi car Eng. Transport
vati water Afr. water
zol/zolo marijuana/a joint  


Monday, January 7, 2013

Online dictionary definition

Hey Tsotsitaal scholars!

I'm going to take a look over my next few blogs at existing descriptions of Tsotsitaal on the web. If you run a simple Google search for Tsotsitaal one of the first hits is a free online dictionary which gives the following definition:

tsotsitaal [ˈtsɔːtsɪˌtɑːl]
n
(Linguistics / Languages) South African a type of street slang used by tsotsis
[from Nguni tsotsi thug + Afrikaans taal language]

(see it online here

It's actually not a bad description, as far as it goes. It doesn't profess to any detail about the languages which constitute Tsotsitaal, and in its generic nature I think it manages to remain broadly correct. However, it is rather simplifying things to say it is used by tsotsis. My research suggests that lots of people use it who could never be accused of being tsotsis. On the other hand, there are many names for Tsotsitaal, and speakers rarely refer to their own style by the term Tsotsitaal which they do say is linked to criminality. 

A second question for me would be the etymology 'Nguni tsotsi thug'. In the South African English dictionary, tsotsi is defined as 'a young black urban criminal' rather than a thug, which I think is more accurate to its usage.  Furthermore, as a footnote in a recent paper I wrote with Raj Mesthrie explains, the origins of the term tsotsi are contested:

Huddleston (1956:81) suggests that the term Tsotsi originally referred to a style of narrow-bottomed trousers, and came from the American slang term zoot-suits used by members of gangs. This etymology is contested by those who link it to the Sotho verb go tsotsa ‘to rob’ (see Glaser 2000:50-1).

In my next post I'll have a look at the Wikipedia article on Tsotsitaal, which myself and my reserach students agree is in need of an update!
E

Long list of African Youth Language references

Heye all,

To get the New Year off to a productive start, here's a list of useful references for Tsotsitaal and other African Youth Language varieties.


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